
Just matching some of my morning reading:
From Paul Swanson, Foundations of T'ien-T'ai Philosophy: The Flowering of the Two Truths Theory in Chinese Buddhism.
p. 78:
4. The school which manifests reality. ... The "real" is identified with the tathagatagarbha ...
Later Hui-yuan loosely identifies this school ... their ultimate teaching ... is the doctrine of the dependent co-arising of reality.
p. 79:
6. Truly real existence. This refers to the tathagatagarbha as conditioned co-arising and includes both samsara and nirvana. Thus reality is identical with this phenomenal world of pratityasamutpada correctly perceived.
p. 153:
The supreme truth of the Middle Path is called the Middle
because it avoids the two extremes. To avoid the two extremes means: to avoid the extreme of yu [Hf: existence], the passionate views of ordinary men, and to avoid the extreme of emptiness [Hf: non-existence], the perception of no names and no marks by those in the two vehicles; to avoid the two extremes of the mundane truth and the real truth; to avoid the two extremes of the worldly truth and the supreme truth; to avoid all of these extremes. This is called non-duality. The reality of non-duality is called the Middle. ... This is the enlightened perception of all Buddhas and bodhisattvas ... therefore it is called the supreme truth of the Middle Path. It is also called the truth of one reality, and is also called emptiness, the Buddha-nature, the Dharma realm, thusness, and the Tathagatagarbha.
Just a note on this last one: "Dharma realm" is from "fa-jie", the translation for "dharma-dhatu", which is a synonym for dependent origination in the Agamas / Nikayas. "Thusness" is from "ru", ie. "tathata", which is also amongst those synonyms, too.
Now, despite there being some differences here between the position on Tathagatagarbha and classical Theravada, which I will not deny, I merely wish to point out that the position of Buddha Nature / Tathagatagarbha in these teachings from early Chinese Mahayana do not really match the basic Advaita Vedanta stuff referred to above. There is much closer affinity to the teachings of emptiness, dependent origination and so forth, such as lack of substantiality. (Actually, the standard Advaita Vedanta had yet to appear in India when the Chinese made this points.)
These aren't just Tiantai positions, but show some of the most important trends in pre-Tang China. This was the formative period for the slightly later hey-day. It takes another shift or two in China to get into more Huayan style theory, which is probably closer to a "dhatu-vada", as the modern Japanese scholastic movement called "Critical Buddhism" would call (criticize) it. They argue that this "dhatu-vada" is not the same as the "dharma-dhatu" as dependent origination in earlier teachings. Rather, it is a teaching of substantiality.
I'm quite open to discussion on some of these points, but I hope that people can maybe do some homework first. And please don't jump on a single word or two, because one needs to kind of see the bigger picture of these systems. A single word or two can be read in a number of ways.
