Okay, so my Pali studies and participation in this sub-forum has really slacked off lately; been too busy.
Does anyone know how you write jhāna in the plural form, in Pali?
Writing it as jhanas with the "s" at the end is just Palinglish (Pali-English made-up hybrid) as far as I know.
jhāna in plural form?
Re: jhāna in plural form?
I think, for example, that jhāyatha is in the second person plural.
- "And how is it, bhikkhus, that by protecting oneself one protects others? By the pursuit, development, and cultivation of the four establishments of mindfulness. It is in such a way that by protecting oneself one protects others.
"And how is it, bhikkhus, that by protecting others one protects oneself? By patience, harmlessness, goodwill, and sympathy. It is in such a way that by protecting others one protects oneself.
- Sedaka Sutta [SN 47.19]
Re: jhāna in plural form?
Hi David,
According to Pāli Lookup nom. pl. of jhāna is jhānāmi. But it seems that it is only a theoretical form, because it's not found in any Pāli text as far as I can tell.
And since English langauge "doesn't have cases" isn't it meaningless to use this kind of form?
Jhāyatha is indeed in second person plural, but it's a verb 'to meditate', not a noun.
According to Pāli Lookup nom. pl. of jhāna is jhānāmi. But it seems that it is only a theoretical form, because it's not found in any Pāli text as far as I can tell.
And since English langauge "doesn't have cases" isn't it meaningless to use this kind of form?
Jhāyatha is indeed in second person plural, but it's a verb 'to meditate', not a noun.
Bhagavaṃmūlakā no, bhante, dhammā...
- DNS
- Site Admin
- Posts: 17168
- Joined: Tue Dec 30, 2008 4:15 am
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada, Estados Unidos de América
- Contact:
Re: jhāna in plural form?
Thanks Dave and Piotr!
Re: jhāna in plural form?
I've located 2 inflected forms of the plural.
From DN 33's listing of fours, we have "cattāri jhānāni" - 4 jhanas. Since all the other members of the listing of fours are in the nominative case, it appears that jhānāni is the nominative plural for jhāna.
Elsewhere, in AN 4.35, we have "catunnaṃ jhānānaṃ". The case of jhānānaṃ might be either the dative or genitive plural.
From DN 33's listing of fours, we have "cattāri jhānāni" - 4 jhanas. Since all the other members of the listing of fours are in the nominative case, it appears that jhānāni is the nominative plural for jhāna.
Elsewhere, in AN 4.35, we have "catunnaṃ jhānānaṃ". The case of jhānānaṃ might be either the dative or genitive plural.
- DNS
- Site Admin
- Posts: 17168
- Joined: Tue Dec 30, 2008 4:15 am
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada, Estados Unidos de América
- Contact:
Re: jhāna in plural form?
Sylvester wrote: From DN 33's listing of fours, we have "cattāri jhānāni" - 4 jhanas.
That sounds like this could be it (for most cases) to refer to all the jhanas. It's sort of funny how we mix languages in common usage and forget about the proper way to refer to a plural noun. It has been so common for multiple jhāna to be referred to as jhānas that you cannot even find it (or not very easily) in the proper plural form; apparently, jhānāni.
Re: jhāna in plural form?
Hi David
I think jhanas or even jhānas would be an acceptable Anglisization. Even in academic writing, most untranslated Pali terms are expressed and written only in stem form, since the case relations to other nouns would be provided in the English. If we insist on every Pali noun being properly inflected, even in an English document, we will end up with, eg -
jhāna (the lemma), jhānaṁ (nom sg), jhānāni (nom pl), jhānena (inst sg), jhānehi (inst pl, abl pl), jhānā (abl pl), jhānassa (dat sg, gen sg), jhānānaṁ (dat pl, gen pl), jhāne (loc sg), jhānesu (loc pl).
I'm sure some (if not most) of these forms do not even occur in the Canon, since I simply generated them using a declension table.
We really do not need to populate an English document with these forms, since we can simply use English prepositions or English syntax to handle most of the Pali grammatical cases.
I think jhanas or even jhānas would be an acceptable Anglisization. Even in academic writing, most untranslated Pali terms are expressed and written only in stem form, since the case relations to other nouns would be provided in the English. If we insist on every Pali noun being properly inflected, even in an English document, we will end up with, eg -
jhāna (the lemma), jhānaṁ (nom sg), jhānāni (nom pl), jhānena (inst sg), jhānehi (inst pl, abl pl), jhānā (abl pl), jhānassa (dat sg, gen sg), jhānānaṁ (dat pl, gen pl), jhāne (loc sg), jhānesu (loc pl).
I'm sure some (if not most) of these forms do not even occur in the Canon, since I simply generated them using a declension table.
We really do not need to populate an English document with these forms, since we can simply use English prepositions or English syntax to handle most of the Pali grammatical cases.
Re: jhāna in plural form?
Oooops, sorry for the typo, it's indeed jhānāni. And there are few instances of this form in Pāli Tipiṭaka.
Bhagavaṃmūlakā no, bhante, dhammā...
- DNS
- Site Admin
- Posts: 17168
- Joined: Tue Dec 30, 2008 4:15 am
- Location: Las Vegas, Nevada, Estados Unidos de América
- Contact:
Re: jhāna in plural form?
Okay, thanks for letting me know that was a typo; then it definitely appears to be jhānāni.piotr wrote:Oooops, sorry for the typo, it's indeed jhānāni. And there are few instances of this form in Pāli Tipiṭaka.
Re: jhāna in plural form?
Namo Buddhassa
2 type of plurals-- noun, and verb. Noun plural type relate to your question.
1, ālapana(callig word), and 2 vidhatti same "citta" word. 3-7 vibhatti same "purisa" word.
Blod words are plural. Sorted by vibhatti.
1. Cittaṃ, Cittāni.
ā. Cittā, he citta, he cittā, he cittāni, he cittā.
2. cittaṃ, cittāni, citte.
Theory from Niruttidīpanī 107 : http://www.tipitaka.org/romn/cscd/e0201 ... ml#para107" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;
3. Purisena, Purisehi, purisebhi.
4. Purisassa, Purisānaṃ.
5. purisasmā, purisamhā, Purisā, purisehi, purisebhi.
6. purisassa, purisānaṃ.
7. purisasmiṃ, purisamhi, purise, purisesu.
Theory from Niruttidīpanī 195 : http://www.tipitaka.org/romn/cscd/e0201 ... ml#para195" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;
Example :
(Bold lines are pural.)
Dutiyo paricchedo.
Atha akārantapuṃsakaliṅgo cittasaddo vuccate.
1.
Cittaṃ attano santānaṃ vijānāti
Cittāni attano sattānaṃ vijānanti
Calling.
Bho citta attano santānaṃ vijānāhi
Bho cittāni attano santānaṃ vijānātha
2.
Cittaṃ saññamessanti ye keci janā
Cittāni saññamessanti ye keci
3. Subject of sentence type.
Cittena sabbopi jano nīyyate
Cittehi sabbopi jano nīyyate
3. itself type.
Cittena saṃkilissati mānavo
Cittehi visujjhati kocimānavo
4.
Cittassa ovādaṃ deti koci jano
Cittānaṃ ovādaṃ denti keci janā
5.
Cittasmā ārammaṇaṃ uppajjati
Cittehi ārammaṇāni uppajjanti
6.
Cittassa aniccadhammassa vasamanvagū
Cittānaṃ parivitakko udapādi
7.
Citte arakkhite kāyakammaṃ arakkhitaṃ
Cittesu guttesu kāyakammaṃ rakkhitaṃ.
Iti paṭhamo pāṭho.
http://www.tipitaka.org/romn/cscd/e1211 ... ml#V0.0014" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;
PS. If your question refer to verb type, it should be like "jhā", "jhāyati", "jhāyanti", etc.
2 type of plurals-- noun, and verb. Noun plural type relate to your question.
1, ālapana(callig word), and 2 vidhatti same "citta" word. 3-7 vibhatti same "purisa" word.
Blod words are plural. Sorted by vibhatti.
1. Cittaṃ, Cittāni.
ā. Cittā, he citta, he cittā, he cittāni, he cittā.
2. cittaṃ, cittāni, citte.
Theory from Niruttidīpanī 107 : http://www.tipitaka.org/romn/cscd/e0201 ... ml#para107" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;
3. Purisena, Purisehi, purisebhi.
4. Purisassa, Purisānaṃ.
5. purisasmā, purisamhā, Purisā, purisehi, purisebhi.
6. purisassa, purisānaṃ.
7. purisasmiṃ, purisamhi, purise, purisesu.
Theory from Niruttidīpanī 195 : http://www.tipitaka.org/romn/cscd/e0201 ... ml#para195" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;
Example :
(Bold lines are pural.)
Dutiyo paricchedo.
Atha akārantapuṃsakaliṅgo cittasaddo vuccate.
1.
Cittaṃ attano santānaṃ vijānāti
Cittāni attano sattānaṃ vijānanti
Calling.
Bho citta attano santānaṃ vijānāhi
Bho cittāni attano santānaṃ vijānātha
2.
Cittaṃ saññamessanti ye keci janā
Cittāni saññamessanti ye keci
3. Subject of sentence type.
Cittena sabbopi jano nīyyate
Cittehi sabbopi jano nīyyate
3. itself type.
Cittena saṃkilissati mānavo
Cittehi visujjhati kocimānavo
4.
Cittassa ovādaṃ deti koci jano
Cittānaṃ ovādaṃ denti keci janā
5.
Cittasmā ārammaṇaṃ uppajjati
Cittehi ārammaṇāni uppajjanti
6.
Cittassa aniccadhammassa vasamanvagū
Cittānaṃ parivitakko udapādi
7.
Citte arakkhite kāyakammaṃ arakkhitaṃ
Cittesu guttesu kāyakammaṃ rakkhitaṃ.
Iti paṭhamo pāṭho.
http://www.tipitaka.org/romn/cscd/e1211 ... ml#V0.0014" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;
PS. If your question refer to verb type, it should be like "jhā", "jhāyati", "jhāyanti", etc.
Above message maybe out of date. Latest update will be in massage's link.
--------------------------------------------------
Tipitaka memorization is a rule of monks. It isn't just a choice. They must done it.
bahussuto nāma tividho hoti – nissayamuccanako, parisupaṭṭhāpako, bhikkhunovādakoti.
http://UnmixedTheravada.blogspot.com/20 ... monks.html
--------------------------------------------------
Tipitaka memorization is a rule of monks. It isn't just a choice. They must done it.
bahussuto nāma tividho hoti – nissayamuccanako, parisupaṭṭhāpako, bhikkhunovādakoti.
http://UnmixedTheravada.blogspot.com/20 ... monks.html